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Menene photovotaics?

2022-12-22

Photovoltaics shine juyawar haske kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki a matakin atomic. Wasu kayan suna nuna wata kadara da aka sani da tasirin photoelectric wanda ke sa su ɗaukar photons na haske da sakin electrons. Lokacin da aka kama waɗannan na'urorin lantarki masu kyauta, wutar lantarki tana haifar da abin da za a iya amfani da shi azaman wutar lantarki.

Wani masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Faransa Edmund Bequerel, ya fara lura da tasirin photoelectric a cikin 1839, wanda ya gano cewa wasu kayan zasu samar da ƙananan adadin wutar lantarki lokacin da aka fallasa su zuwa haske. A shekara ta 1905, Albert Einstein ya bayyana yanayin haske da tasirin hasken wutar lantarki wanda fasahar photovoltaic ta dogara akansa, wanda daga baya ya samu kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. The farko photovoltaic module aka gina ta Bell Laboratories a 1954. An cajin shi a matsayin hasken rana baturi kuma yawanci kawai son sani saboda yana da tsada da yawa don samun tartsatsi amfani. A cikin shekarun 1960, masana'antar sararin samaniya ta fara yin amfani da fasaha na farko da gaske don samar da wutar lantarki a cikin jiragen sama. Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen sararin samaniya, fasahar ta ci gaba, an tabbatar da amincinta, kuma farashin ya fara raguwa. A lokacin rikicin makamashi a cikin 1970s, fasahar photovoltaic ta sami karbuwa a matsayin tushen wutar lantarki don aikace-aikacen da ba na sararin samaniya ba.

Hoton da ke sama yana kwatanta aikin ainihin tantanin halitta na photovoltaic, wanda kuma ake kira tantanin rana. Kwayoyin hasken rana an yi su ne da nau'ikan kayan aikin semiconductor, irin su silicon, da ake amfani da su a masana'antar microelectronics. Don sel masu hasken rana, ana kula da wafer na bakin ciki na musamman don samar da filin lantarki, tabbatacce a gefe ɗaya kuma mara kyau a ɗayan. Lokacin da makamashin haske ya bugi tantanin hasken rana, ana ƙwanƙwasa electrons a kwance daga atom ɗin da ke cikin kayan semiconductor. Idan an makala masu gudanar da wutar lantarki zuwa bangarorin tabbatacce da mara kyau, suna kafa da'ira na lantarki, za a iya kama electrons a cikin nau'in wutar lantarki - wato wutar lantarki. Ana iya amfani da wannan wutar lantarki don kunna kaya, kamar haske ko kayan aiki.

Yawancin sel na hasken rana da aka haɗa da juna ta hanyar lantarki kuma an ɗaura su a cikin tsarin tallafi ko firam ana kiran su samfurin hotovoltaic. Modules an ƙera su don samar da wutar lantarki a wani irin ƙarfin lantarki, kamar tsarin na yau da kullun 12 volts. Abubuwan da ake samarwa na yanzu ya dogara kai tsaye akan adadin hasken da ke faɗowa tsarin.

Na'urorin PV na yau da kullun suna amfani da mahaɗa guda ɗaya, ko mu'amala, don ƙirƙirar filin lantarki a cikin semiconductor kamar tantanin PV. A cikin tantanin halitta PV mai junction guda ɗaya, kawai photons waɗanda ƙarfinsu yayi daidai da ko mafi girma fiye da tazarar band ɗin kayan tantanin halitta zasu iya 'yantar da lantarki don kewayawar lantarki. A wasu kalmomi, amsawar photovoltaic na sel-junction guda ɗaya yana iyakance ga ɓangaren bakan rana wanda ƙarfinsa yana sama da tazarar band na kayan sha, kuma ba a amfani da ƙananan makamashin photons.

Hanya ɗaya don samun kusa da wannan ƙayyadaddun ita ce amfani da sel daban-daban guda biyu (ko fiye), tare da ratar bandeji fiye da ɗaya da junction fiye da ɗaya, don samar da wutar lantarki. Ana kiran waɗannan a matsayin ƙwayoyin “multijunction” (wanda ake kira “cascade” ko “tandem” sel). Multijunction na'urorin za su iya cimma mafi girma jimillar juyi yadda ya dace domin za su iya canza mafi yawan makamashi bakan haske zuwa wutar lantarki.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa, na'urar haɗaɗɗiya tari ne na sel masu haɗin kai guda ɗaya a cikin tsarin saukowa na tazarar band (misali). Babban tantanin halitta yana ɗaukar photons masu ƙarfi kuma yana ɗaukar sauran photons don ɗaukar ƙananan-band-gap sel.

Yawancin bincike na yau a cikin sel masu jujjuyawa suna mai da hankali kan gallium arsenide a matsayin ɗaya (ko duka) na sel. Irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin sun kai kusan 35% a ƙarƙashin hasken rana mai ƙarfi. Sauran kayan da aka yi nazari don na'urori masu yawa sun kasance silicon amorphous da jan karfe indium diselenide.

A matsayin misali, na'urar multijunction da ke ƙasa tana amfani da babban tantanin halitta na gallium indium phosphide, "mahadar rami," don taimakawa kwararar electrons tsakanin sel, da kuma tantanin ƙasa na gallium arsenide.

A baya:Me ya sa za ku je don photovoltaics?

Na gaba:Menene akwatin hadawa a cikin hasken rana?